課程資訊
課程名稱
 科學哲學專題
Topics in Philosophy of Science 
開課學期
 100-2 
授課對象
 文學院  哲學研究所  
授課教師
 王榮麟 
課號
 Phl7740 
課程識別碼
 124 M4390 
班次
  
學分
 3 
全/半年
 半年 
必/選修
 選修 
上課時間
 星期四6,7,8(13:20~16:20) 
上課地點
 哲研討室三 
備註
 本課程中文授課,使用英文教科書。
總人數上限：15人 
Ceiba 課程網頁
 http://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/1002phil_sci 
課程簡介影片
 
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課程概述

本課程是針對當前科學哲學的一些重要的議題進行比較深入的分析與討論。這些議題包括了：
（1）科學與偽科學之間是否有明確的劃界？
（2）科學理論如何予以經驗測試？如何評判科學理論的優劣？
（3）科學理論在歷史中的演變模式為何？為說明科學理論於歷史中的演變，只要訴諸理論優劣的評判準則就足夠了嗎？
（4）科學說明經驗現象，但這樣的說明如何進行？
（5）科學定律一向被視為普遍、必然地為真。但何謂「定律」？它們確實是普遍必然地為真嗎？
（6）科學理論旨在揭露隱於經驗現象背後的實在嗎？或者科學理論只是便於計算、預測以及建立可觀察現象彼此之間之關聯的工具而已呢？
（7）生命科學可化約為物理科學嗎？
（8）社會科學應該向自然科學看齊嗎？或是社會科學理當擁有自己適屬的一套方法論？


In this course, we will survey some hotly debated issues in philosophy of science. More specifically, we address the following questions:

(1) Is there a definite demarcation between science and pseudo-science?
(2) How do scientists put their theories to test? What are the virtues of a good theory?
(3) What is the pattern of scientific change in the course of time? Is scientific change rational?
(4) Science is supposed to give explanations for observed phenomena. But what is a scientific explanation?
(5) It is held that scientific laws are universally and necessarily true. What are laws? Are they really universally and necessarily true?
(6) Does science aim to lay bare the reality hidden behind phenomena? Or does it aim rather to facilitate our calculations and predictions by making connections between phenomena?
(7) Is all life science reducible to physical sciences?
(8) Should social sciences take natural sciences as their models? Or do they have their proper methodology as legitimate as that of natural sciences?
 

課程目標
 透過科學哲學之重要議題的討論，使同學(1)能夠深入理解科學的特性；(2)培養哲學思考的能力，包括論題表述、概念分析、論證構作、以及評論批判等等。
This course aims (1) to give students a deeper understanding of what science is; (2) to improve students’ ability to philosophize, such as a clear presentation of thesis, analysis of concepts, reconstruction of arguments, and critical discussions or comments on others’ claims.
 
課程要求
 同學須：(1)出席上課並參與課堂討論；(2)於上課之前研讀指定的文獻並提出三個深入討論的問題；(3)輪流於課堂上作報告；(5)繳交一份期末報告。 
預期每週課後學習時數
  
Office Hours
  
指定閱讀
  
參考書目
 Ayala, F.J. & Arp, R. (eds.) (2010) Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Biology, Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Carroll, J.W. (ed.) (2004) Readings on Laws of Nature, University of Pittsburgh Press.
Cartwright, N. (1983) How The Laws of Physics Lie, Oxford University Press.
Cartwright, N. (1999) The Dappled World—A Study of the Boundaries of Science, Cambridge University Press.
Curd, M. & Cover, J.A. (eds.) (1998) Philosophy of Science—The Central Issues, W.W. Norton and Company.
Hitchcock, C. (ed.) (2004) Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Science, Blackwell Publishing.
Ladyman, J. (2002) Understanding Philosophy of Science, Routledge.
Lange, M. (ed.) (2007) Philosophy of Science—An Anthology, Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Psillos, S. (1999) Scientific Realism—How Science Tracks Truth, Routledge.
Psillos, S. & Curd, M. (eds.) (2008) The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, Routledge.
Rosenberg, A. & Arp, R. (eds.) (2010) Philosophy of Biology—An Anthology, Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Woodward, J. (2003) Making Things Happen—A Theory of Causal Explanation, Oxford University Press.
 
評量方式
(僅供參考)
    
課程進度
週次
日期
單元主題
第1週
 2/23  課程介紹。 
第2週
 3/01  科學變遷的合理性。
閱讀文獻：Salmon, W.C. (1990) “Rationality and Objectivity in Science (or: Tom Kuhn Meets Tom Bayes)”, in C.W. Savage (ed.) Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. XIV: Scientific Theories, University of Minnesota Press, pp. 175-204; reprinted in M. Lange (ed.) (2007) Philosophy of Science—An Anthology, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp. 98-117. 
第3週
 3/08  驗證理論。
閱讀文獻：Achinstein, P. (2008) “Evidence”, in S. Psillos & M. Curd (eds.) The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, Routledge, pp. 337-348. 
第4週
 3/15  科學定律的但書問題（一）。
閱讀文獻：Cartwright, N. (1999) “Nomological Machines and the Laws They Produce”, in The Dappled World—A Study of the Boundaries of Science, Cambridge University Press, pp. 49-74. 
第5週
 3/22  科學定律的但書問題（二）。
閱讀文獻：Earman, J. & Roberts, J. (1999) “Ceteris Paribus, There Is No Problem of Provisos”, Synthese, 118: 439-478, reprinted in J.W. Carroll (ed.) (2004) Readings on Laws of Nature, University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 207-249. 
第6週
 3/29  科學定律的必然性問題（一）。
閱讀文獻：Dretske, F.I. (1977) “Laws of Nature”, Philosophy of Science, 44: 248-268, reprinted in J.W. Carroll (ed.) (2004) Readings on Laws of Nature, University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 16-37 
第7週
 4/05  科學定律的必然性問題（二）。
閱讀文獻：Mellor, D.H. (1980) “Necessities and Universals in Natural Laws”, in D.H. Mellor (ed.) Science, Belief and Behavior: Essays in Honor of R.B. Braithwaite, Cambridge University Press, pp. 105-125; reprinted in M. Curd & J.A. Cover (eds.) (1998) Philosophy of Science—The Central Issues, W.W. Norton and Company, pp. 846-864. 
第8週
 4/12  科學說明（一）：因果說明和統合說明。
閱讀文獻：Woodward, J. (2003) “The Causal Mechanical and Unificationist Models of Explanation”, in Making Things Happen—A Theory of Causal Explanation, Oxford University Press, pp. 350-373. 
第9週
 4/19  期中考。 
第10週
 4/26  科學說明（二）：理論說明。
閱讀文獻：Cartwright, N. (1983) “The Simulacrum Account of Explanation”, in How The Laws of Physics Lie, Oxford University Press, pp. 143-162. 
第11週
 5/03  理論之間的化約。
閱讀文獻：Dupre, J. (2010) “It Is Not Possible to Reduce Biological Explanations to Explanations in Chemistry and/or Physics”, in F.J. Ayala & R. Arp (eds.) Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Biology, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp. 32-47. 
第12週
 5/10  科學實在論和反實在論之間的爭辯（一）。
閱讀文獻：Ladyman, J. (2002) “Underdetermination”, in Understanding Philosophy of Science, Routledge, pp. 162-195. 
第13週
 5/17  科學實在論和反實在論之間的爭辯（二）。
閱讀文獻：Psillos, S. (1999) “Resisting the Pessimistic Induction”, in Scientific Realism—How Science Tracks Truth, Routledge, pp. 101-114. 
第14週
 5/24  生物學哲學（一）：演化論。
閱讀文獻：Beatty, J. (1984) “Chance and Natural Selection”, Philosophy of Science, 51: 183-211, reprinted in A. Rosenberg & R. Arp (eds.) (2010) Philosophy of Biology—An Anthology, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp. 65-83. 
第15週
 5/31  生物學哲學（二）：遺傳學。
閱讀文獻：Godfrey-Smith, P. (2004) “Genes do not Encode Information for Phenotypic Traits”, in C. Hitchcook (ed.) Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Science, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp. 275-289. 
第16週
 6/07  社會科學的哲學。
閱讀文獻：Kincaid, H. (2004) “There are Laws in the Social Sciences”, in C. Hitchcook (ed.) Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Science, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp. 168-185. 
第17週
 6/14  心理學哲學。
閱讀文獻：Woodward, J. & Cowie, F. (2004) “The Mind is not (just) a System of Modules Shaped (just) by Natural Selection”, in C. Hitchcook (ed.) Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Science, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp. 312-334.